van Strien, J. L., Kammerer, Y., Brand-Gruwel, S., & Boshuizen, H. P. (2016). How attitude strength biases information processing and evaluation on the web. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 245-252.
van Egeren, L. F. (2009). A cybernetic model of global personality traits. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(2), 92-108.
Yang, Z. J., McComas, K. A., Gay, G., Leonard, J. P., Dannenberg, A. J., & Dillon, H. (2011). Information seeking related to clinical trial enrollment. Communication Research, 38(6), 856-882.
Yang, Z. J., Aloe, A. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2014). Risk information seeking and processing model: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Communication, 64(1), 20-41.
Yang, Z. J., & Kahlor, L. (2013). What, me worry? The role of affect in information seeking and avoidance. Science Communication, 35(2), 189-212.
Wood, W., Kallgren, C. A., & Preisler, R. M. (1985). Access to attitude-relevant information in memory as a determinant of persuasion: The role of message attributes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(1), 73-85.
Wood, R. (2000). Work Motivation: Theory, research and practice introduction to the special issue. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 317-318.
Wojcieszak, M. E., & Mutz, D. C. (2009). Online groups and political discourse: Do online discussion spaces facilitate exposure to political disagreement? Journal of communication, 59(1), 40-56.
Wilson, R. (2016, 11, 6). Final newpaper endorsement count: Clinton 57, Trump2. The Hill. Retrived from http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidentialraces/304606-final-newspaper-endorsement-count-clinton-57-trump-2
Wert, S. R., & Salovey, P. (2004). A social comparison account of gossip. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 122.
Weenig, M. W., Groenenboom, A. C., & Wilke, H. A. (2001). Bad news transmission as a function of the definitiveness of consequences and the relationship between communicator and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(3), 449.
Weeks, B. E., & Garrett, R. K. (2014). Electoral consequences of political rumors: Motivated reasoning, candidate rumors, and vote choice during the 2008 US presidential election. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 26(4), 401-422.
Wardle, C. (2017, 2, 16). Fake news. It’s complicated. First Draft News. Retrived from https://firstdraftnews.com/fake-news-complicated/
Wang, J., Zhu, R., & Shiv, B. (2011). The lonely consumer: Loner or conformer? Journal of Consumer Research, 38(6), 1116-1128.
Vraga, E. K., Tully, M., Akin, H., & Rojas, H. (2012). Modifying perceptions of hostility and credibility of news coverage of an environmental controversy through media literacy. Journalism, 13(7), 942-959.
Vraga, E. K., Tully, M., & Rojas, H. (2009). Media literacy training reduces perception of bias. Newspaper Research Journal, 30(4), 68-81.
Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2015). Media literacy messages and hostile media perceptions: Processing of nonpartisan versus partisan political information. Mass Communication and Society, 18(4), 422-448.
Vargo, C. J., Guo, L., & Amazeen, M. A. (2017). The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016. New Media & Society, 1461444817712086.
Vargo, C. J., & Guo, L. (2017). Networks, Big Data, and Intermedia Agenda Setting: An Analysis of Traditional, Partisan, and Emerging Online US News. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 1077699016679976.
Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577-585.
Uberti, D. (2016, 12, 15). The real history of fake news. Columbia Journalism Revew. Retrived from https://www.cjr.org/special_report/fake_news_history.php
Tynan, D. (2016, 8, 24). How Facebook powers money machines for obscure political ‘news’ sites. The Guardian. Retrived from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/24/facebook-clickbaitpolitical-news-sites-us-election-trump
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
Turner, J. (2007). The messenger overwhelming the message: Ideological cues and perceptions of bias in television news. Political Behavior, 29(4), 441-464.
Toffler, A., & Alvin, T. (1981). The third wave. New York, NY: Bantam books.
Thorson, E. (2016). Belief echoes: The persistent effects of corrected misinformation. Political Communication, 33(3), 460-480.
Tan, W. K., & Tang, C. Y. (2013). Does personality predict tourism information search and feedback behaviour? Current Issues in Tourism, 16(4), 388-406.
Tan, A. S., Lee, Ch. J., & Chae, J. (2015). Exposure to Health (Mis) Information: Lagged Effects on Young Adults' Health Behaviors and Potential Pathways. Journal of Communication, 65(4), 674-698.
Taber, C. S., Cann, D., & Kucsova, S. (2009). The motivated processing of political arguments. Political Behavior, 31(2), 137-155.
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014). Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories. Cognition, 133(3), 572–585.
Sunstein, C. R. (2008). “She said what?” “He did that?” Believing false rumors. Harvard Public Law Working Paper, 08(56), 1-26.
Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sundaram, D. S., Mitra, K., & Webster, C. (1998). Word-of-Mouth Communications: A motivational Analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 25, 527–531.
Sudhir, S., & Unnithan, A. B. (2014). Measuring consumer motivations to share rumors: Scale development. International Journal of Online Marketing, 4(3), 51-67.
Subramanian, S. (2017, 2, 15). Inside the Macedonian fake-news complex. Wired. Retrived from https://www.wired.com/2017/02/veles-macedonia-fakenews/
Strong, S. I. (2017). Alternative facts and the post-truth society: Meeting the challenge. University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online, 165(1), 137-146.
Stevens, L. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1995). Motivation and cognition in social life: A social survival perspective. Social Cognition, 13(3), 189-214.
Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. Advances in experimental social psychology, 21, 261-302.
Staksrud, E., lafsson, K., & Livingstone, S. (2013) Does the use of social networking sites increase children’s risk of harm? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 40-50.
Spivak, C. (2010). The fact-checking explosion: in a bitter political landscape marked by rampant allegations of questionable credibility, more and more news outlets are launching truth-squad operations. American Journalism Review, 32(4), 38-44.
Southwell, B. G., & Thorson, E. A. (2015). The prevalence, consequence, and remedy of misinformation in mass media systems. Journal of Communication, 65(4), 589-595.
Song, H., & Kwon, N. (2012). The relationship between personality traits and information competency in Korean and American students. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(7), 1153-1162.
Smith, A., & Banic, V. (2016, 12, 9). Fake news: How a partying Macedonian teen earns thousands publishing lies. NBC. Retrived from http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/fake-news-how-partyingmacedonian-teen-earns-thousands-publishing-lies-n692451
Singer J. L. (1980). The power and limits of television: a cognitive-affective analysis. In P. Tannenbaum (ed.) The Entertainment Function of Television (pp. 36-42). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Silverman, C. (2016, 12, 30a). Here are 50 of the biggest fake news hits on facebook from 2016. BuzzFeed News. Retrived from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/top-fake-news-of-2016?utm_term=.tcRMlxyvQ#.giMVQkmb0
Silverman, C. (2016, 11, 17b). This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook. BuzzFeed News. Retrived from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-newsoutperformed-real-news-onfacebook?utm_term=.qdjwmRJr4#.qiBoL7mkK
Siddiqui, F., & Svrluga, S. (2016, 12, 5). N.C. man told police he went to D.C. pizzeria with gun to investigate conspiracy theory. Washington Post. Retrived from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-cpolice-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-pingpong-restaurant/?utm_term=.aecd91aed533
Shibutani, T. (1966). Improvised news: A sociological study of rumor. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merril.
Shane, S. (2017, 1, 18). From headline to photograph, a fake news masterpiece. New York Times. Retrived from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/us/fake-news-hillary-clintoncameron-harris.html
Senra, R. (2016, 4, 17). Na semana do impeachment, 3 das 5 not cias mais compartilhadas no Facebook s o falsas. BBC Brasil. Retrived from http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2016/04/160417_noticias_falsas_redes_brasil_fd
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 221-279.
Schultz, F., Utz, S., & G ritz, A. (2011). Is the medium the message? Perceptions of and reactions to crisis communication via twitter, blogs and traditional media. Public relations review, 37(1), 20-27.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2012). Theories of personality (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Schaedel, S. (2016, 10, 24). Did the pope endorse Trump? FactCheck.org. Retrived from http://www.factcheck.org/2016/10/did-the-pope-endorse-trump/
Ryan, T., & Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658-1664.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and soap opera involvement a uses and effects investigation. Human Communication Research, 14(2), 246- 268.
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. (2009). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 578–586.
Rosnow, R. L., & Fine, G. A. (1976). Rumor and gossip: The social psychology of hearsay. New York, NY: Elsevier.
Rosnow, R. L. (1991). Inside rumor: a personal journey. American Psychologist, 46, 484–496.
Rosnow, R. L. (1974). On rumor. Journal of Communication, 24(3), 26-38.
Ritson, M., & Elliott, R. (1999). The social uses of advertising: an ethnographic study of adolescent advertising audiences. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(3), 260-277.
Reid, S. A. (2012). A self-categorization explanation for the hostile media effect. Journal of Communication, 62(3), 381-399.
Ratneshwar, S., & Chaiken, S. (1991). Comprehension's role in persuasion: The case of its moderating effect on the persuasive impact of source cues. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1), 52-62.
Rains, S. A. (2013). The nature of psychological reactance revisited: a metaanalytic review. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 47-73.
Rafienia, P., Azadfallah, P., Rasoulzadeh-Tabatabaiei, K., & Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2008). The role of extraversion, neuroticism and positive and negative mood in emotional information processing. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2), 392-402.
Prasad, J. (1935). The psychology of rumor: a study relating to the great Indian earthquake of 1934. British Journal of Psychology, 26, 1–15.
Polkinghorne, D. (1983). Methodology for the human sciences: Systems of inquiry. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Pingree, R. J., Brossard, D., & McLeod, D. M. (2014). Effects of journalistic adjudication on factual beliefs, news evaluations, information seeking, and epistemic political efficacy. Mass Communication and Society, 17(5), 615-638.
Picazo-Vela, S., Chou, S. Y., Melcher, A. J., & Pearson, J. M. (2010). Why provide an online review? An extended theory of planned behavior and the role of Big157 Five personality traits. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 685-696.
Pfau, M., & Louden, A. (1994). Effectiveness of adwatch formats in deflecting political attack ads. Communication Research, 21(3), 325-341.
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of consumer research, 10(2), 135-146.
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Heesacker, M. (1981b). Effects of rhetorical questions on persuasion: A cognitive response analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 40(3), 432-440.
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981a). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 41(5), 847-855.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-205.
Pervin, L. A., & John, O. P. (1996). Personality : Theory & research. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Perloff, R. M. (1989). Ego-involvement and the third person effect of televised news coverage. Communication Research, 16, 236-262.
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2014). The role of analytic thinking in moral judgements and values. Thinking & Reasoning, 20(2), 188–214.
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2017, September 12). Who falls for fake news? The roles of analytic thinking, motivated reasoning, political ideology, and bullshit receptivity. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3023545
Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Papacharissi, Z., & Mendelson, A. L. (2007). An exploratory study of reality appeal: Uses and gratifications of reality TV shows. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 51(2), 355-370.
Oxford Dictionaries (n.d.). Word of the Year 2016 is. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, 33-44.
Oberhelman, D. D. (2007). Coming to terms with Web 2.0. Reference Reviews, 21(7), 5-6.
O'Sullivan, P. B., & Geiger, S. (1995). Does the watchdog bite? Newspaper ad watch articles and political attack ads. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(4), 771-785.
O'Flynn, I. (2006). Deliberative democracy and divided societies. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. (2014). Effective messages in vaccine promotion: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), E835-E842.
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Ubel, P. A. (2013). The hazards of correcting myths about health care reform. Medical care, 51(2), 127-132.
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2015). The Effect of Fact‐Checking on Elites: A Field Experiment on US State Legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 628-640.
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330.
Niederdeppe, J., Hornik, R. C., Kelly, B. J., Frosch, D. L., Romantan, A., Stevens, R. S., Barg, F. K., Weiner, J., & Schwartz, J. S. (2007). Examining the dimensions of cancer-related information seeking and scanning behavior. Health Communication, 22(2), 153-167.
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of general psychology, 2(2), 175-220.
Nabi, R. L., Stitt, C. R., Halford, J., & Finnerty, K. L. (2006). Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 8(4), 421-447.
Myers, S., Sen, S., & Alexandrov, A. (2010). The moderating effect of personality traits on attitudes toward advertisements: A contingency framework. Management & Marketing, 5(3), 3–20.
Moore, K., & McElroy, J. C. (2012). The influence of personality on Facebook usage, wall postings, and regret. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 267– 274.
Mondak, J. J., & Halperin, K. D. (2008). A framework for the study of personality and political behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 38(2), 335-362.
Moldovan, S., Goldenberg, J., & Chattopadhyay, A. (2011). The different roles of product originality and usefulness in generating word-of-mouth. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 28(2), 109-119.
Mohammed, S., Mathieu, J. E., & Bartlett, L. B. (2002). Technical–administrative task performance, leadership task performance, and contextual performance: Considering the influence of team- and task-related composition variables. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(7), 795–814.
Mitchell, T. R. (1982). Motivation: New directions for theory, research, and practice. Academy of Management Review, 7(1), 80-88.
Mitchell, A., & Holcomb, J. (2016). State of the news media 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/state-of-thenews-media-2016/
Min, Y. (2002). Intertwining of campaign news and advertising: The content and electoral effects of newspaper ad watches. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(4), 927-944.
Meraz, S. (2011). Using time series analysis to measure intermedia agendasetting influence in traditional media and political blog networks. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(1), 176–194.
McWilliam, G. (2000). Building stronger brands through online communities. Sloan Management Review, 41(3), 43-54.
McQuail, D. (2005). Mass communication theory (5th ed.). London, UK: Sage.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa P. T. Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509-516.
McClung, S., & Johnson, K. (2010). Examining the motives of podcast users. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 17(1), 82-95.
Matthes, J., & Valenzuela, S. (2012, May). Who Learns from Cross-Cutting Exposure? Motivated Reasoning, Counterattitudinal News Coverage, and Awareness of Oppositional Views. Conference Papers -- International Communication Association, 1-38.
Martin, R., Hewstone, M., & Martin, P. Y. (2007). Systematic and heuristic processing of majority and minority-endorsed messages: The effects of varying outcome relevance and levels of orientation on attitude and message processing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(1), 43-56.
Martens, H., & Hobbs, R. (2015). How media literacy supports civic engagement in a digital age. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23(2), 120-137.
Martens H. (2010). Evaluating media literacy education: Concepts, theories and future directions. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 2, 1–22.
Marsh, E. J., & Tversky, B. (2004). Spinning the stories of our lives. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(5), 491-503.
Marietta, M., Barker, D. C., & Bowser, T. (2015). Fact-checking polarized politics: Does the fact-check industry provide consistent guidance on disputed realities? The Forum, 13(4), 577-596.
Marett, K., & Joshi, K. D. (2009). The decision to share information and rumors: Examining the role of motivation in an online discussion forum. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 24(1), 47-68.
Maksl, A., Ashley, S., & Craft, S. (2015). Measuring news media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 6(3), 29-45.
Maheswaran, D., Mackie, D. M., & Chaiken, S. (1992). Brand name as a heuristic cue: The effects of task importance and expectancy confirmation on consumer judgments. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1(4), 317-336.
Maheswaran, D., & Chaiken, S. (1991). Promoting systematic processing in lowmotivation settings: effect of incongruent information on processing and judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 13-25.
Luo, M. M., & Remus, W. (2014). Uses and gratifications and acceptance of Webbased information services: An integrated model. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 281-295.
Luarn, P., Huang, P., Chiu, Y. P., & Chen, I. J. (2016). Motivations to engage in word-of-mouth behavior on social network sites. Information Development, 32(4), 1253-1265.
Lowrey, W. (2017). The emergence and development of news fact-checking Sites: Institutional logics and population ecology. Journalism Studies, 18(3), 376- 394.
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098-2109.
Lodge, M., & Taber, C. (2000). Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning. In Arthur Lupia Jr., Mattew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin(Eds.), Elements of reason(pp. 183~213). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: The role of online skills and internet selfefficacy. New media & Society, 12(2), 309-329.
Liu, C. H., Lee, H. W., Huang, P. S., Chen, H. C., & Sommers, S. (2016). Do incompatible arguments cause extensive processing in the evaluation of arguments? The role of congruence between argument compatibility and argument quality. British Journal of Psychology, 107(1), 179-198.
Lin, T. B., Li, J., Deng, F., & Lee, L. (2013). Understanding new media literacy: An explorative theoretical framework. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 16(4), 160.
Lewis, J., & Jhally, S. (1998). The struggle over media literacy. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 109-120.
Levendusky, M. S. (2013). Why do partisan media polarize viewers?. American Journal of Political Science, 57(3), 611-623.
Lee, L., Chen, D. T., Li, J. Y., & Lin, T. B. (2015). Understanding new media literacy: The development of a measuring instrument. Computers & Education, 85, 84- 93.
Lee, H., & Oh, H. J. (2017). Normative mechanism of rumor dissemination on twitter. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(3), 164-171.
Lang, F. R., John, D., L dtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 548-567.
Kwon, N., & Song, H. (2011). Personality traits, gender, and information competency among college students. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, 16(1), 87-107.
Kunda, Z. (1999). Social cognition: Making sense of people. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological bulletin, 108(3), 480-498.
Kunda, Z. (1987). Motivated inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 636-647.
Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Jerit, J., Schwieder, D., & Rich, R. F. (2000). Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship. The Journal of Politics, 62(3), 790-816.
Ko, H., Cho, C. H., & Roberts, M. S. (2005). Internet uses and gratifications: A structural equation model of interactive advertising. Journal of Advertising, 34(2), 57-70.
Knoll, J., & Proksch, R. (2017). Why we watch others' responses to online advertising–investigating users' motivations for viewing user-generated content in the context of online advertising. Journal of Marketing Communications, 23(4), 400-412.
Kimmel, A. J., & Audrain-Pontevia, A. F. (2010). Analysis of commercial rumors from the perspective of marketing managers: Rumor prevalence, effects, and control tactics. Journal of Marketing Communications, 16(4), 239-253.
Kim, K. S., Sin, S. C. J., & Tsai, T. I. (2014). Individual differences in social media use for information seeking. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 40(2), 171-178.
Kim, H. (2016). The role of emotions and culture in the third-person effect process of news coverage of election poll results. Communication Research, 43(1), 109-130.
Kellner, D., & Share, J. (2007). Critical media literacy, democracy, and the reconstruction of education. In D. Macedo & S.R. Steinberg (Eds.), Media literacy: A reader (pp. 3-23). New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing.
Kellner, D., & Share, J. (2005). Toward critical media literacy: Core concepts, debates, organizations, and policy. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26(3), 369-386.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). The uses and gratifications approach to mass communication. Beverly Hills, CS: Sage Publications.
Katz, E., & Foulkes, D. (1962). On the use of the mass media as “escape”: Clarification of a concept. Public opinion quarterly, 26(3), 377-388.
Kamins, M. A., Folkes, V. S., & Perner, L. (1997). Consumer responses to rumors: Good news, bad news. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6(2), 165-187.
Kahne, J., Lee, N. J., & Feezell, J. T. (2012). Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation. International Journal of Communication, 6, 1-24.
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., & Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change, 2(10), 732–735.
Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection, Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 407-424.
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 102-138). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Graziano, W. G. (2000). Beyond the school yard: Relationships as moderators of daily interpersonal conflict. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(8), 923-935.
Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York, NY: NYU press.
Jarman, J. W. (2016). Influence of political affiliation and criticism on the effectiveness of political fact-checking. Communication Research Reports, 33(1), 9-15.
Jamieson, K. H. (2012). Cable news networks increase amount and public accessibility of incivility. FlackCheck. org.
Jain, S. P., & Maheswaran, D. (2000). Motivated reasoning: A depth-ofprocessing perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(4), 358-371.
Hwang, Y., & Jeong, S.-H. (2016). Information insufficiency and information seeking. Science Communication, 38(6), 679-698.
Hullett, C., & Boster, F. (2001). Matching messages to the values underlying value-expressive and social-adjustive attitudes: Reconciling an old theory with a contemporary measurement approach. Communication Monographs, 68(2), 133-153.
Hullett, C. R. (2002). Charting the process underlying the change of valueexpressive attitudes: The importance of goal-relevance in matching effect. Communication Monographs, 69, 158–178.
Hughes, D. J., Rowe, M., Batey, M., & Lee, A. (2012). A tale of two sites: Twitter vs. Facebook and the personality predictors of social media usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 561-569.
Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion; psychological studies of opinion change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Houston, D. A., & Fazio, R. H. (1989). Biased processing as a function of attitude accessibility: Making objective judgments subjectively. Social Cognition, 7(1), 51-66.
Holbert, R. L. (2005). A typology for the study of entertainment television and politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(3), 436-453.
Hochschild, J. L., & Einstein, K. L. (2015). Do facts matter? Information and misinformation in American politics. Political Science Quarterly, 130(4), 585- 624.
Hobbs, R., Donnelly, K., Friesem, J., & Moen, M. (2013). Learning to engage: How positive attitudes about the news, media literacy, and video production contribute to adolescent civic engagement. Educational Media International, 50(4), 231-246.
Hobbs, R., & Frost, R. (2003). Measuring the acquisition of media‐literacy skills. Reading Research Quarterly, 38(3), 330-355.
Hobbs, R. (1998). The seven great debates in the media literacy movement. Journal of Communication, 48(1), 16-32.
Hicks, A., Comp, S., Horovitz, J., Hovarter, M., Miki, M., & Bevan, J. L. (2012). Why people use Yelp. com: An exploration of uses and gratifications. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2274-2279.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: what motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the internet?. J ournal of interactive marketing, 18(1), 38-52.
Heller, D., Judge, T. A., & Watson, D. (2002). The confounding role of personality and trait affectivity in the relationship between job and life satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(7), 815-835.
Heinstr m, J. (2005). Fast surfing, broad scanning and deep diving: The influence of personality and study approach on students' information-seeking behavior. Journal of documentation, 61(2), 228-247.
Heinstr m, J. (2003). Five personality dimensions and their influence on information behaviour. Information Research, 9(1), 1-24.
Heath, C., Bell, C., & Sternberg, E. (2001). Emotional selection in memes: the case of urban legends. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1028- 1041.
Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1-22.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1995). Context‐dependent variation in social stereotyping 3: Extremism as a self‐categorical basis for polarized judgement. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(3), 341-371.
Hart, W., Albarracin, D., Eagly, A. H., Brechan, I., Lindberg, M. & Merrill, L. (2009) Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 555– 588.
Griffin, R. J., Dunwoody, S., & Neuwirth, K. (1999). Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors. Environmental Research, 80(2), S230-S245.
Graves, L., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2016). Understanding innovations in journalistic practice: A field experiment examining motivations for factchecking. Journal of Communication, 66(1), 102-138.
Graves, L., & Glaisyer, T. (2012). The fact-checking universe in Spring 2012. New America Foundation.
Gottfried, J. A., Hardy, B. W., Winneg, K. M., & Jamieson, K. H. (2013). Did fact checking matter in the 2012 presidential campaign?. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1558-1567.
Gomez, R., Gomez, A., & Cooper, A. (2002). Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of negative and positive emotional information processing: comparing Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's theories. European Journal of Personality, 16(5), 333-350.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26–34.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216- 1229.
Giner-Sorolla, R., & Chaiken, S. (1994). The causes of hostile media judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30(2), 165-180.
Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, a. (2012). Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief. Science, 336(6080), 493–496.
Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., Raso, C., & Ha, S. E. (2011). Personality traits and participation in political processes. The Journal of Politics, 73(3), 692-706.
Garrett, R. K., Nisbet, E. C., & Lynch, E. K. (2013). Undermining the corrective effects of media‐based political fact checking? The role of contextual cues and na ve theory. Journal of Communication, 63(4), 617-637.
Garrett, R. K., & Weeks, B. E. (2013, February). The promise and peril of realtime corrections to political misperceptions. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 1047-1058). ACM.
Gao, Q., & Feng, C. (2016). Branding with social media: User gratifications, usage patterns, and brand message content strategies. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 868-890.
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M.W. (2009). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Fridkin, K., Kenney, P. J., & Wintersieck, A. (2015). Liar, liar, pants on fire: How fact-checking influences citizens’ reactions to negative advertising. Political Communication, 32(1), 127-151.
Frey, D.(1986). Recent research on selective exposure to information. In L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol.19, pp. 40~80). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017). The nature and origins of misperceptions: Understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics. Political Psychology, 38(S1), 127-150.
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Fiske, S. T. (2001). Social and societal pragmatism: Commentary on Augustinos, Gaskell, and Lorenzi-Cioldi. In K. Deaux, & G. Philogene (Eds.), Representations of the social: bridging research traditions (pp. 249–253). New York, NY: Blackwell.
Fetzer, J. H. (2004). Disinformation: The use of false information. Minds and Machines, 14(2), 231-240.
Festinger, L., Cartwright, D., Barber, K., Fleischl, J., Gottsdanker, J., Keysen, A., & Leavitt, G. (1948). A study of a rumor: its origin and spread. Human Relations, 1(4), 464-486.
Feldman, L., Myers, T. A., Hmielowski, J. D., & Leiserowitz, A. (2014). The mutual reinforcement of media selectivity and effects: Testing the reinforcing spirals framework in the context of global warming. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 590-611.
Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual review of psychology, 54(1), 297-327.
Fayombo, G. A. (2010). The relationship between personality traits and psychological resilience among the Caribbean adolescents. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 105-116.
Eysenck, H. J. (1953). The structure of human personality. London, UK: Methuen.
Ewen, R. B. (1998). Personality: A topical approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Edwards, K., & Smith, E. E. (1996). A disconfirmation bias in the evaluation of arguments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 5-24.
Eagly, A. H. & Chaiken, S.(1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth. TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Ditto, P. H., Scepansky, J. A., Munro, G. D., Apanovitch, A. M., & Lockhart, L. K. (1998). Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 53-69.
Dillard, J. P., Weber, K. M., & Vail, R. G. (2007). The relationship between the perceived and actual effectiveness of persuasive messages: A meta-analysis with implications for formative campaign research. Journal of Communication, 57, 613–631.
Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72(2), 144- 168.
Diddi, A., & LaRose, R. (2006). Getting hooked on news: Uses and gratifications and the formation of news habits among college students in an Internet environment. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 193-210.
Dichter, E. (1966). How word-of-mouth advertising works. Harvard Business Review, 44(6), 147-160.
DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. Prashant, DC: American Psychological Association. DiFonzo, N., Bourgeois, M. J,. Suls, J., Homan, C., Stupak, N., Brooks, B.P., Ross,
DeYoung, C. G. (2010). Toward a theory of the Big Five. Psychological Inquiry, 21(1), 26-33.
Darnton, R. (2017, 2, 13). The true history of fake news. NYR Daily. Retrieved from http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/02/13/the-true-history-of-fakenews/
D. S., & Bordia, P. (2013). Rumor clustering, consensus, and polarization: Dynamic social impact and self-organization of hearsay. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 378–99.
Costa, P. T. Jr ., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO personality inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4, 5-13.
Costa P. T. Jr, & Widiger, T. A. (1994). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & De Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247-253.
Connolly, K., Chrisafis, A., McPherson, P., Kirchgaessner, S., Haas, B., Phillips, D., & Hunt, E. (2016, 12, 2). Fake news: an insidious trend that’s fast becoming a global problem. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/dec/02/fake-news-facebook-uselection-around-the-world
Collinson, S. (2017, 2, 16). An amazing moment in history: Donald Trump's press conference. CNN. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/16/politics/donald-trump-pressconference-amazing-day-in-history/index.html
Cialdini, R. B., & Trost, M. R. (1998). Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 151–192). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Chung, C., & Darke, P. (2006). The consumer as advocate: Self-relevance, culture, and word of-mouth. Marketing Letters, 17(4), 269–279.
Cho, H., & Choi, J. (2010). Predictors and the role of attitude toward the message and perceived message quality in gain-and loss-frame antidrug persuasion of adolescents. Health communication, 25(4), 303-311.
Chen, X., (2016). The influences of personality and motivation on the sharing of misinformation on social media. iSchools. Retrieved from https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/89327/Chen145.pdf?sequence=1
Chen, S., Duckworth, K., & Chaiken, S. (1999). Motivated heuristic and systematic processing. Psychological Inquiry, 10(1), 44-49.
Chen, S., & Chaiken, S. (1999). The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 73–96). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Chen, D.-T., Wu, J., & Wang, Y.-M. (2011). Unpacking new media literacy. Journal on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 9(2), 84-88.
Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 212-252). New York: Guilford.
Chaiken, S., & Maheswaran, D. (1994). Heuristic processing can bias systematic processing: Effects of source credibility, argument ambiguity, and task importance on attitude judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 460-460.
Chaiken, S., & Eagly, A. H. (1983). Communication modality as a determinant of persuasion: The role of communicator salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 241.
Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 752-766.
Case, D. O. (2002). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. San Diego, CA: Academic.
Carpenter, C. J. (2015). A Meta‐Analysis of the ELM's Argument Quality Processing Type Predictions. Human Communication Research, 41(4), 501- 534.
Budak, C., Agrawal, D., & El Abbadi, A. (2011, March). Limiting the spread of misinformation in social networks. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 665-674). ACM.
Buckingham, D., Banaji, S., Carr, D., Cranmer, S., & Willett, R. (2005). The media literacy of children and young people: A review of the research literature. London, UK: Ofcom.
Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (2013). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Bordia, R., & DiFonzo, N. (2005). Psychological motivations in rumor spread. In G. A. Fine, C. Heath, & V. Campion-Vincent (Eds.), Rumor mills: The social impact of rumor and legend (pp. 87–101). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Bordia, P., & DiFonzo, N. (2002). When social psychology became less social: Prasad and the history of rumor research. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5(1), 49-61.
Bohner, G., Ruder, M., & Erb, H. P. (2002). When expertise backfires: Contrast and assimilation effects in persuasion. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 495-519.
Bohner, G., Moskowitz, G. B., & Chaiken, S. (1995) The interplay of heuristic and systematic processing of social information, European Review of Social Psychology, 6(1), 33-68.
Bimber, B., & Davis, R. (2003). Campaigning online: The Internet in US elections. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Berinsky, A. J. (2015). Rumors and health care reform: experiments in political misinformation. British Journal of Political Science, 1-22.
Berghel, H. (2017). Alt-News and Post-Truths in the" Fake News" Era. Computer, 50(4), 110-114.
Berger, J., & Milkman, K. L. (2013). Emotion and virality: what makes online content go viral?. GfK Marketing Intelligence Review, 5(1), 18-23.
Berger, J., & Heath, C. (2007). Where consumers diverge from others: Identity signaling and product domains. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(2), 121–134.
Berger, J. (2014). Word of mouth and interpersonal communication: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24(4), 586- 607.
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., Roberts, H., & Zuckerman, E. (2017). Breitbart-led rightwing media ecosystem altered broader media agenda. Columbia Journalism Revew. Retrieved from https://www.cjr.org/analysis/breitbart-mediatrump-harvard-study.php
Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139–167.
Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., & Mount, M. K. (1998). Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 43-51.
Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media Literacy: A report of the national leadership conference on media literacy. Aspen, CO.: Aspen Institute
Ashley, S., Poepsel, M., & Willis, E. (2010). Media literacy and news credibility: Does knowledge of media ownership increase skepticism in news consumers?. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 2(1), 37-46.
Arpan, L. M., Raney, A. A. (2003). An experimental investigation of news source and the hostile media effect. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(2), 265-281.
Ariyanto, A., Hornsey, M. J., & Gallois, C. (2007). Group allegiances and perceptions of media bias: Taking into account both the perceiver and the source. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(2), 266-279.
Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. (1996). Can the press monitor campaign advertising? An experimental study. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 1(1), 72-86.
Amazeen, M. A. (2015). Revisiting the epistemology of fact-checking. Critical Review, 27(1), 1-22.
Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. (1947). The psychology of rumor. Oxford, England: Henry Holt.
Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236.
Alexandrov, A., Lilly, B., & Babakus, E. (2013). The effects of social-and selfmotives on the intentions to share positive and negative word of mouth. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(5), 531-546.