박사

Hybrid Slurry Supply System Using Ionization and Atomization for Sustainable CMP = 지속 가능한 CMP를 위한 분무 및 이온화 기능을 갖춘 하이브리드 슬러리 공급시스템

이다솔 2020년
논문상세정보
' Hybrid Slurry Supply System Using Ionization and Atomization for Sustainable CMP = 지속 가능한 CMP를 위한 분무 및 이온화 기능을 갖춘 하이브리드 슬러리 공급시스템' 의 주제별 논문영향력
논문영향력 선정 방법
논문영향력 요약
주제
  • 응용 물리
  • cmp
  • 공급시스템
  • 반도체
  • 슬러리
  • 하이브리드
  • 화학기계적 연마
동일주제 총논문수 논문피인용 총횟수 주제별 논문영향력의 평균
248 0

0.0%

' Hybrid Slurry Supply System Using Ionization and Atomization for Sustainable CMP = 지속 가능한 CMP를 위한 분무 및 이온화 기능을 갖춘 하이브리드 슬러리 공급시스템' 의 참고문헌

  • ``Combined study onConductive AFM and damascene process to visualize Nano-Scaled defects inCr thin films on polymer substrate
    Vol . 11 , No . 1 , pp . 164-169 [2015]
  • ``Classification and Production Methods ofCMP Slurries
    pp . 152-154 [2011]
  • ``Chemical mechanical polishing for fabricating patterned W metal features asChip interconnects
    Vol . 138 , No . 11 , pp . 3460-3465 [1991]
  • ``Chemical mechanical planarization ofCopper bumps on printedCircuit board
    Vol . 12 , No . 1 , pp . 149-152 [2011]
  • ``Chemical mechanical planarization of advanced package substrate byControlling selectivity ofCopper to polymer
    Vol . 32 , No . 8 , pp . 3843-3848 [2018]
  • ``Chemical and Mechanical Balance in Polishing of Electronic Materials for Defect-Free Surfaces
    Vol . 58 , pp . 485-490 [2009]
  • ``Chemical Mechanical Polishing of SiC Substrate Using Enhanced SlurryContaining Nanobubbles with Active Gas Generated by Plasma
    pp . 1-5 [2017]
  • ``Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Mo using H2O2 as Oxidizer inColloidal Silica Based Slurries ,
    Vol . 6 , No . 7 , pp . P470-P476 [2017]
  • ``Chemical Mechanical Polishing as Enabling Technology for Sub-14nm Logic Device ,
    [2013]
  • ``Chemical Mechanical Polishing : A Selective Review of R D Trends in Abrasive Particle Behaviors and Wafer Materials
    Vol . 35 , No . 5 , pp . 274-285 , [2019]
  • ``Charged micelle halo mechanism for agglomeration reduction in metal oxide particle based polishing slurries
    Vol . 447 , pp . 32-43 [2014]
  • ``CMP slurry technology and market trend
    Vol . 20 , pp . 30-35 [2017]
  • ``CMP pad break-in time reduction in silicon wafer polishing
    Vol . 56 , No . 1 , pp . 357-360 [2007]
  • [97] K. DoymuŞ, "The effect of ionic electrolytes and pH on the zeta potential of fine coal particles," Turkish Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 589-597, 2007.
  • [93] L. Weijuan and L. Yuling, "Synergic effect of chelating agent and oxidant on chemical mechanical planarization," Journal of Semiconductors, Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 026001, 2015.
  • [85] J. Luo and D. A. Dornfeld, "Material removal mechanism in chemical mechanical polishing: theory and modeling," IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 112-133, 2001.
  • [76] D. Zhao and X. Lu, "Chemical mechanical polishing: theory and experiment,Friction, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 306-326, 2013.
    Vol . 1 , No . 4 , pp . 306-326 [2013]
  • [51] O. Kirino and T. Enomoto, "Ultra-flat and ultra-smooth Cu surfaces produced by abrasive-free chemical–mechanical planarization/polishing using vacuum ultraviolet light," Precision Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 669-676, 2011.
  • [1] M. Krishnan and M. Lofaro, "Copper chemical mechanical planarization (Cu CMP) challenges in 22 nm back-end-of-line (BEOL) and beyond," Advances in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP), Elsevier, pp. 27-46, 2016.
  • [19] S. Crawford and S. Aravamudhan, "Environmental Impact and Speciation Analysis of Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Waste Following GaAs Polishing," ECS Transactions, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 171-179, 2017.
  • [147] H. Lee, "Effect of Citric Acid in Cu Chemical Mechanical Planarization Slurry on Frictional Characteristics and Step Height Reduction of Cu Pattern," Tribology and Lubricants, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 226-234, 2018.
  • [140] E. Terrell and C. Higgs, "Hydrodynamics of Slurry Flow in Chemical Mechanical Polishing A Review," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, No. 6, pp. K15-K22, 2006.
  • [137] J. Lundberg and O. M. Lysaker, "An optimization framework for tracking droplets in fire water spray images," Proceedings of the 56th Conference on Simulation and Modelling (SIMS 56), pp. 331-337, 2015.
  • [136] N.Crawford, S. K. Williams, D. Boldridge, and M. Liberatore, "Shear thickening ofChemical mechanical polishing slurries under high shear,Rheologica Acta, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 637-647, 2012.
    Vol . 51 , No . 7 , pp . 637-647 [2012]
  • [125] J. Luo and D. Dornfeld, "Integrated modeling of chemical mechanical planarization for submicron IC fabrication: from particle scale to feature, die and wafer scales," Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 89, 2013.
  • [123] H. Schumacher, U. Kuenzelmann, and J. W. Bartha, "Characterization of Surface Processes During Oxide CMP by in situ FTIR Spectroscopy with Microstructured Reflection Elements at Silicon Wafers," MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive, Vol. 1249, 2010.
  • Wafer size effect on material removal rate inCopperCMP process
    Vol . 31 , No . 6 , pp . 2961-2964 [2017]
  • UV–vis spectroscopy and AFM studies on removal mechanisms of Si-face SiC wafer chemical mechanical polishing ( CMP )
    Vol . 316 , pp . 643-648 [2014]
  • Tribo-electrochemicalCharacterization of Ru , Ta andCuCMP systems using percarbonate based solutions
    Vol . 4 , No . 11 , pp . P5058-P5067 [2015]
  • The ionic strength dependent zeta potential at the surface of hexadecane droplets in water and theCorresponding interfacial adsorption of surfactants
    Vol . 13 , No . 3 , pp . 638-646 [2017]
  • The influence of abrasive size on high-pressureChemical mechanical polishing of sapphire wafer
    Vol . 2 , No . 2 , pp . 157-162 [2015]
  • The effects of a spray slurry nozzle on copper CMP for reduction in slurry consumption
    Vol . 29 , No . 12 , pp . 5057- 5062 [2015]
  • The Effect of PVA Brush Scrubbing on PostCMPCleaning Process for DamasceneCu Interconnection ,
    pp . 367-370 [2009]
  • The Adsorption Behaviors ofCitric Acid on Abrasive Particles inCuCMP Slurry ,
    Vol . 867 [2005]
  • Temperature effects of padConditioning process on oxideCMP : Polishing pad , slurryCharacteristics , and surface reactions
    Vol . 83 , No . 2 , pp . 362-370 [2006]
  • Temperature distribution in polishing pad duringCMP process : Effect of retaining ring ,
    Vol . 13 , No . 1 , pp . 25-31 [2012]
  • Synthesis andCharacterization ofCopper Nanoparticles (Cu-Nps ) using Rongalite as Reducing Agent and Photonic Sintering ofCu-Nps Ink for Printed Electronics
    Vol . 5 , No . 2 , pp . 239-245 [2018]
  • Suspension stability ; why particle size , zeta potential and rheology are important
    Vol . 20 , pp . 209- 214 [2012]
  • SurfaceChemistry studies ofCopperChemical mechanical planarization ,
    Vol . 148 , No . 7 , pp . G389- G397 [2001]
  • Surface-complex films of guanidine on tantalum nitride electrochemicallyCharacterized for applications inChemical mechanical planarization
    Vol . 520 , No . 7 , pp . 2892-2900 [2012]
  • Surface Activation by Electrolytically Ionized Slurry duringCuCMP ,
    Vol . 8 , No . 5 , pp . P3053-P3057 [2019]
  • Study on innovative plasma fusionCMP and its application to processing of diamond substrate
    [2015]
  • Structural effect of PVA brush nodule on particle removal efficiency during brush scrubberCleaning ,
    pp . 84-89 [2012]
  • SlurryComponents in metalChemical mechanical planarization (CMP ) process : A review
    Vol . 17 , No . 12 , pp . 1751-1762 [2016]
  • Slurry transport duringChemical mechanical polishing
    Vol . 44 , No . 11R , pp . 7843 [2005]
  • Slurry injection schemes on the extent of slurry mixing and availability duringChemical Mechanical Planarization
    Vol . 8 , No . 6 , p. 170 [2017]
  • Slurry Supply Mechanism UtilizingCapillary Effect inChemical Mechanical Planarization
    Vol . 8 , No . 5 , pp . P3069-P3074 [2019]
  • Signal analysis ofCMP process based on AE monitoring system
    Vol . 2 , No . 1 , pp . 15-19 [2015]
  • Semi-empirical material removal rate distribution model for SiO2Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP ) processes
    Vol . 37 , No . 2 , pp . 483-490 [2013]
  • Self-dressing effect using a fixed abrasive platen for single-sided lapping of sapphire substrate ,
    Vol . 31 , No . 12 , pp . 5649-5655 [2017]
  • Role of ionic strength inChemical mechanical polishing of siliconCarbide using silica slurries
    Vol . 445 , pp . 119-127 [2014]
  • Role of interparticle forces during stress-induced agglomeration ofCMP slurries
    Vol . 389 , No . 1-3 , pp . 33-37 [2011]
  • Removal Mechanism of TungstenCMP Process : Effect of Slurry AbrasiveConcentration and Process Temperature
    Vol . 41 , No . 43 , pp . 103-111 [2012]
  • Reduction of the Maximum Step Height on a Package Substrate by the Optimization of SlurryChemical Additives ,
    Vol . 20 , No . 6 , pp . 1-9 [2019]
  • Process performance prediction forChemical mechanical planarization (CMP ) by integration of nonlinear Bayesian analysis and statistical modeling
    Vol . 23 , No . 2 , pp . 316-327 [2010]
  • Preparation of SiC/SiO2 HardCore–Soft Shell Abrasive and ItsCMP Behavior on Sapphire Substrate
    pp . 1-7 [2019]
  • Preparation andCharacterization of slurry forChemical mechanical planarization (CMP )Advances inChemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP )
    pp . 273- 298 [2016]
  • Preliminary study on the effect of spray slurry nozzle inCMP for environmental sustainability
    Vol . 15 , No . 6 , pp . 995-1000 [2014]
  • Preface for the special issue of hybrid manufacturing ,
    Vol . 3 , No . 2 , pp . 145-145 [2016]
  • Prediction of realContact area from microtopography onCMP pad
    Vol . 6 , No . 1 , pp . 113-120 [2012]
  • Polishing-pad-free electrochemical mechanical polishing of single-crystalline SiC surfaces using polyurethane–CeO2Core–shell particles
    Vol . 114 , pp . 1-7 [2017]
  • Planarization of wafer edge profile inChemical mechanical polishing
    Vol . 14 , No . 1 , pp . 11-15 [2013]
  • Planarization modeling based onContact mode between pad asperity and oxide pattern duringCMP
    Vol . 36 , No . 4 , pp . 363-372 , [2019]
  • Pad roughness variation and its effect on material removal profile inCeria-basedCMP slurry ,
    Vol . 203 , No . 1-3 , pp . 287-292 [2008]
  • Optimization of the physicalCleaningCondition for nanotechnology
    Vol . 60 , No . 1 , pp . 579-582 [2011]
  • Novel slurry solution for dishing elimination inCopper process beyond 0.1-μm technology
    Vol . 498 , No . 1-2 , pp . 50-55 [2006]
  • Novel slurry injection system for improved slurry flow and reduced defects inCMP
    pp . 143-147 [2015]
  • New polishing method using water-based slurry under AC electric field for glass substrate
    Vol . 323 , No . 10 , pp . 1394-1397 [2011]
  • Nanoscratch of aluminum in dry , water and aqueous H2O2Conditions
    Vol . 464 , pp . 229-235 [2019]
  • Nanoindentation and deformation behaviors of siliconCovered with amorphous SiO2 : a molecular dynamic study
    Vol . 8 , No . 23 , pp . 12597-12607 [2018]
  • MultilayerCMP hotspot modeling through deep learning ,
    Vol . 109620U , [2019]
  • Modeling ofChemical-mechanical polishing with soft pads ,
    Vol . 67 , No . 2 , pp . 249-252 [1998]
  • Microscopic grinding effects on fabrication of ultra-fine micro tools ,
    Vol . 56 , No . 1 , pp . 569-572 [2007]
  • Method for ultra rapid determination of the lubrication mechanism inChemical mechanical planarization ,
    Vol . 6 , No . 1 , pp . P32-P37 [2017]
  • Mechanism of GaNCMP based on H2O2 slurryCombined with UV light
    Vol . 4 , No . 3 , pp . P112-P117 [2015]
  • Mechanical aspects of theChemical mechanical polishing process : a review
    Vol . 17 , No . 4 , pp . 525-536 [2016]
  • Mean Residence Time and Dispersion Number Associated with Slurry Injection Methods inChemical Mechanical Planarization
    Vol . 5 , No . 3 , pp . P155-P159 [2016]
  • Mathematical modeling of material removal rate in roll-type linearCMP ( roll-CMP ) process : Effect of polishing pad
    Vol . 17 , No . 4 , pp . 495-501 [2016]
  • Mathematical model-based evaluation methodology for environmental burden ofChemical mechanical planarization process
    Vol . 1 , No . 1 , pp . 11-15 [2014]
  • Manufacturing science and technology in Korea-Polishing
    Vol . 36 , No . 12 , pp . 1101-1105 , [2019]
  • Macroscopic and microscopic investigation onChemical mechanical polishing of sapphire wafer
    Vol . 12 , No . 2 , pp . 1256-1259 [2012]
  • M. A. Fury , and L. Shon-Roy , `` The era of IoT advancing CMP consumables growth
    [2015]
  • LocalCorrosion of the oxide passivation layer duringCuChemical mechanical polishing ,
    Vol . 12 , No . 12 , pp . H433-H436 [2009]
  • Local/global planarization of polysilicon micropatterns by selectivityControlledCMP
    Vol . 10 , No . 3 , pp . 31-36 [2009]
  • Laser-assistedCMP forCopper wafer
    pp . 351-360 [2005]
  • Laser-AssistedChemical Polishing of Silicon ( 112 ) Wafers ,
    Vol . 41 , No . 10 , pp . 2790-2794 [2012]
  • Kinetics and mechanism ofChlorate-chloride reaction
    Vol . 23 , No . 8 , pp . 1543-1550 [2012]
  • Kinematical modeling of pad profile variation duringConditioning inChemical mechanical polishing
    Vol . 48 , No . 12R , pp . 126502 [2009]
  • K. Jang , J . Song , H. Rodrigue , and D. Chun , `` From design for manufacturing ( DFM ) to manufacturing for design ( MFD ) via hybrid manufacturing and smart factory :
    of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology , Vol . 3 , [2016]
  • Investigation of polishingCharacteristics of shallow trench isolationChemical mechanical planarization with different types of slurries
    Vol . 84 , No . 4 , pp . 626-630 [2007]
  • Investigation of pad wear inCMP with swing-armConditioning and uniformity of material removal
    Vol . 49 , pp . 85-91 [2017]
  • Interconnect Tutorial : AComplex
    pp . 9 [2018]
  • Influence of slurryComponents on uniformity inCopperChemical mechanical planarization
    Vol . 85 , No . 4 , pp . 689-696 [2008]
  • Inferences of Slurry Bow Wave Width from MeanCoefficient of Friction and Directivity inChemical Mechanical Planarization ,
    Vol . 8 , No . 5 , pp . P3018-P3021 [2019]
  • Improvement of BarrierCMP Performance with Alkaline Slurry : Role of Ionic Strength
    Vol . 7 , No . 9 , pp . P462-P467 [2018]
  • Heat and its effects toChemical mechanical polishing
    Vol . 178 , No . 1-3 , pp . 82-87 [2006]
  • Friction laws at the nanoscale
    Vol . 457 , No . 7233 , p. 1116 [2009]
  • Finite element analysis on dynamic viscoelasticity ofCMP polishing pad
    Vol . 36 , No . 2 , pp . 177-181 , [2019]
  • Evaluation of oxide-chemical mechanical polishing characteristics using ceria-mixed abrasive slurry
    Vol . 8 , No . 5 , pp . 523-528 [2012]
  • Evaluation of environmental impacts duringChemical mechanical polishing (CMP ) for sustainable manufacturing
    Vol . 27 , No . 2 , pp . 511-518 [2013]
  • Estimating the mechanical properties of polyurethane-impregnated felt pads
    Vol . 31 , No . 12 , pp . 5705-5710 [2017]
  • Environmental impact ofConcentration of slurryComponents in thickCopperCMP
    Vol . 4 , No . 1 , pp . 13-18 [2017]
  • Electrochemical mechanical polishing technology : recent developments and future research and industrial needs
    Vol . 86 , No . 5-8 , pp . 1909-1924 [2016]
  • Electrochemical Analysis of the SlurryComposition forChemical Mechanical Polishing of Flexible Stainless-Steel Substrates ,
    Vol . 38 , No . 6 , pp . 482-489 [2017]
  • Effects of slurry inCuChemical mechanical polishing (CMP ) of TSVs for 3-D IC integration ,
    Vol . 2 , No . 6 , pp . 956-963 [2012]
  • Effects of slurry flow rate and padConditioning temperature on dishing , erosion , and metal loss duringCopperCMP
    Vol . 153 , No . 5 , pp . G372-G378 [2006]
  • Effects of pad temperature on theChemical mechanical polishing of tungsten
    Vol . 3 , No . 10 , pp . P310-P314 [2014]
  • Effects of friction energy on polishing results inCMP process
    Vol . 28 , No . 11 , pp . 1807-1812 , [2004]
  • Effects of atmosphere and ultraviolet light irradiation onChemical mechanical polishingCharacteristics of SiC wafers ,
    Vol . 51 , No . 5S , pp . 05EF05 [2012]
  • Effects of Temperature on Removal Rate in Cu CMP
    Vol . 17 , No . 6 , pp . 91-97 [2018]
  • Effect on two-step polishing process of electrochemical mechanical planarization andChemical–mechanical planarization on planarization
    Vol . 48 , No . 6R , pp . 066512 [2009]
  • Effect ofCurrent Density on Material Removal inCu ECMP ,
    Vol . 31 , No . 3 , pp . 79-85 , [2015]
  • Effect ofComplexing AgentChoices on DishingControl Level and the Shelf Life inCopperCMP Slurry
    Vol . 7 , No . 8 , pp . P391-P396 [2018]
  • Effect ofCeria abrasives on planarization efficiency in STICMP process
    Vol . 19 , No . 7 , pp . 51-59 , [2009]
  • Effect of wafer size on material removal rate and its distribution inChemical mechanical polishing of silicon dioxide film
    Vol . 27 , No . 10 , pp . 2911-2916 [2013]
  • Effect of slurry flow in spray slurry nozzle system onCuCMP
    Vol . 34 , No . 2 , pp . 100- 105 [2017]
  • Effect of processConditions on uniformity of velocity and wear distance of pad and wafer duringChemical mechanical planarization
    Vol . 33 , No . 1 , pp . 53-60 [2004]
  • Effect of process parameters on friction force and material removal in oxideChemical mechanical polishing
    Vol . 47 , No . 12R , p. 8771 [2008]
  • Effect of pad groove geometry on material removalCharacteristics inChemical mechanical polishing
    Vol . 13 , No . 2 , pp . 303-306 [2012]
  • Effect of pad groove design on slurry injection scheme during interlayer dielectricChemical mechanical planarization
    Vol . 4 , No . 7 , pp . P272-P276 [2015]
  • Effect of mixing ratio of non-spherical particles inColloidal silica slurry on oxideCMP
    Vol . 18 , No . 10 , pp . 1333-1338 [2017]
  • Effect of ionic strength on rutheniumCMP in H2O2-based slurries
    Vol . 317 , pp . 332-337 [2014]
  • Effect of hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid on material removal in AlCMP
    Vol . 34 , No . 5 , pp . 307- 310 , [2017]
  • Effect of heat according to wafer size on the removal rate and profile inCMP process
    Vol . 9 , No . 6 , pp . 755-758 [2013]
  • Effect of glycine onCopperCMP
    Vol . 3 , No . 2 , pp . 155- 159 [2016]
  • Effect of dilutedColloidal silica slurry mixed withCeria abrasives onCMPCharacteristic ,
    Vol . 3 , No . 1 , pp . 13-17 [2016]
  • Effect of additives for higher removal rate in lithium niobateChemical mechanical planarization
    Vol . 256 , No . 6 , pp . 1683-1688 [2010]
  • Effect of Relative SurfaceCharge ofColloidal Silica and Sapphire on Removal Rate inChemical Mechanical Polishing
    Vol . 6 , No . 2 , pp . 339- 347 [2019]
  • Effect of Contact Angle between Retaining Ring and Polishing Pad on Material Removal Uniformity in CMP Process
    Vol . 14 , No . 9 , pp . 1513-1518 [2013]
  • Development of ion-shot dressing grinding system ,
    Vol . 53 , No . 6 , pp . 356-361 [2009]
  • Development of intelligent pad monitoring system and application to analysis of pressure distribution inChemical mechanical polishing process
    Vol . 15 , No . 9 , pp . 2005-2009 [2014]
  • Development of greenCMP by slurry reduction throughControlling platenCoolant temperature ,
    Vol . 2 , No . 4 , pp . 339-344 [2015]
  • Determining the effects of slurry surfactant , abrasive size , and abrasiveContent on the tribology and kinetics ofCopperCMP
    Vol . 152 , No . 4 , pp . G299-G304 [2005]
  • Design and performance of aControlled atmosphere polisher for siliconCrystal polishing
    Vol . 7 , No . 8 , pp . G158-G160 [2004]
  • BEOLCuCMP process evaluation for advanced technology nodes ,
    Vol . 160 , No . 12 , pp . D3247-D3254 [2013]
  • Atomistic scale nanoscratching behavior of monocrystallineCu influenced by water film inCMP process
    Vol . 435 , pp . 983-992 [2018]
  • Atomistic mechanisms ofCuCMP in aqueous H2O2 : Molecular dynamics simulations using ReaxFF reactive force field
    Vol . 155 , pp . 476-482 [2018]
  • Application of Neural Network-Based Oxide Deposition Models toCMP Modeling
    Vol . 8 , No . 5 , pp . P3154-P3162 [2019]
  • Applicability of dynamic mechanical analysis forCMP polyurethane pad studies
    Vol . 49 , No . 2 , pp . 177-186 [2002]
  • Analytical study of contact stress on wafer edge in CMP
    Vol . 35 , No . 2 , pp . 157- 161 [2018]
  • Analysis of pressure distribution and verification of pressure signal byChanges load and velocity inChemical mechanical polishing
    Vol . 16 , No . 6 , pp . 1061-1066 [2015]
  • Ammonium-saltadded silica slurry for theChemical mechanical polishing of the interlayer dielectric film planarization in ULSI 's
    Vol . 34 , No . 2S , p. 1037 [1995]
  • Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system modeling of MRR and WIWNU inCMP process with sparse experimental data
    Vol . 5 , No . 1 , pp . 71-83 [2008]
  • Abrasive forChemical Mechanical Polishing , Abrasive Technology :Characteristics and Applications
    pp . 183-201 [2018]
  • A method forCharacterizing the pad surface texture and modeling its impact on the planarization inCMP
    Vol . 104 , pp . 48-57 , [2013]
  • A method for direct measurement of substrate temperature duringCopperCMP
    Vol . 152 , No . 7 , pp . G537-G541 [2005]
  • , Effect of Retaining Ring Slot Designs ,Conditioning Discs andConditioning Schemes on the Slurry Bow Wave Width duringChemical Mechanical
    , Vol . 7 , No . 5 , pp .