vanZanten, M.C., B. Stevens, L. Nuijens, A. P. Siebesma, A. S. Ackerman, F. Burnet, A. Cheng, F. Couvreux, H. Jiang, M. Khairoutdinov, Y. Kogan, D. C. Lewellen, D. Mechem, K. Nakamura, A. Noda, B. J. Shipway, J. Slawinska, S. Wang, and A. Wyszogrodzki, 2011: Controls on precipitation and cloudiness in simulations of trade-wind cumulus as observed during RICO. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 3, M06001.
Zhang, Y., B. Stevens, and M. Ghil, 2005: On the diurnal cycle and susceptibility to aerosol concentration in a stratocumulus-topped mixed layer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1567–1583.
Xue, H., and G. Feingold, 2006: Large-eddy simulations of trade wind cumuli: Investigation of aerosol indirect effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1605–1622.
Xue, H., G. Feingold, and B. Stevens, 2008: Aerosol effects on clouds, precipitation, and the organization of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 392–406.
Wyszogrodzki, A. A., W. W. Grabowski, L.-P. Wang, and O. Ayala, 2013: Turbulent collision-coalescence in maritime shallow convection. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8471–8487.
Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504–520.
Wang, H., and G. Feingold, 2009: Modeling mesoscale cellular structures and drizzle in marine stratocumulus. Part I: Impact of drizzle on the formation and evolution of open cells. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3237–3256.
Vaillancourt, P. A., M. K. Yau, P. Bartello, and W. W. Grabowski, 2002: Microscopic approach to cloud droplet growth by condensation. Part II: Turbulence, clustering, and condensational growth. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3421–3435.
Twomey, S., 1959: The nuclei of natural cloud formation. Part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration. Pure Appl. Geophys. 43, 243–249.
Thompson, G., and T. Eidhammer, 2014: A study of aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation development in a large winter cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3636–3658.
Thompson, G., P. R. Field, R. M. Rasmussen, and W. D. Hall, 2008: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 5095–5115.
Takahashi, T., T. Endoh, and G. Wakahama, 1991: Vapor diffusional growth of free falling snow crystals between –3 C and –23 C. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn, 69, 15–30.
Stoelinga, M. T., 2005: Simulated equivalent reflectivity factor as currently formulated in RIP: Description and possible improvements. Accessed on 4 Jan 2015. [Available online at http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~stoeling/ RIP_sim_ref.pdf.]
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X.-Y. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN– 475+STR, NCAR.
Siebert, H., R. A. Shaw, and Z. Warhaft, 2010: Statistics of small-scale velocity fluctuations and internal intermittency in marine stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 262–273.
Siebert, H., K. Lehmann, and M. Wendisch, 2006: Observations of small-scale turbulence and energy dissipation rates in the cloudy boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1451–1466.
Shaw, R. A., 2003: Particle-turbulence interactions in atmospheric clouds. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 35, 183–227.
Seifert, A., and K. Beheng, 2006: A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part II: Maritime vs. continental deep convective storms. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 92, 67–82.
Seifert, A., and K. Beheng, 2001: A double-moment parameterization for simulating autoconversion, accretion, and selfcollection. Atmos. Res., 59– 60, 265–281.
Seifert, A., L. Nuijens, and B. Stevens, 2010: Turbulence effects on warm-rain autoconversion in precipitating shallow convection. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1753–1762.
Saffman, P. G., and J. S. Turner, 1956: On the collision of drops in turbulent clouds. J. Fluid Mech., 1, 16–30.
Ryu, Y.-H., J.-J. Baik, and S.-H. Lee, 2011: A new single-layer urban canopy model for use in mesoscale atmospheric models. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 50, 1773–1794.
Rosenfeld, D., 1999: TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3105–3108.
Riechelmann, T., Y. Noh, and S. Raasch, 2012: A new method for large-eddy simulations of clouds with Lagrangian droplets including the effects of turbulent collision. New J. Phys., 14, 065008.
Reuter, G. W., R. De Villiers, and Y. Yavin, 1988: The collection kernel for two falling cloud drops subjected to random perturbations in a turbulent air flow: A stochastic model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 765–773
Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, 1997: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, 2nd ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 954pp.
Pope, B., 2000: Turbulent flows. Cambridge Univ. Press, 771 pp.
Pinsky, M., A. P. Khain, and H. Krugliak, 2008: Collisions of cloud droplets in a turbulent flow. Part V: Application of detailed tables of turbulent collision rate enhancement to simulation of droplet spectra evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 357–374.
Pinsky, M., A. Khain, D. Rosenfeld, and A. Pokrovsky, 1998: Comparison of collision velocity differences of drops and graupel particles in a very turbulent cloud. Atmos. Res., 49, 99–113.
Pinsky, M. M. Shapiro, A. Khain, and H. Wirzberger, 2004: A statistical model of strains in homogeneous and isopropic turbulence. Phys. D, 191, 297–313.
Pinsky, M. B., and A. P. Khain, 1998: Some effects of cloud turbulence on water– ice and ice–ice collisions. Atmos. Res., 47–48, 69–86.
Pinsky, M. A. Khain, and M. Shapiro, 2001: Collision efficiency of drops in a wide range of Reynolds number: Effects of pressure on spectrum evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 742–764.
Pinsky M. B., A. P. Khain, B. Grits, and M. Shapiro, 2006: Collisions of small drops in a turbulent flow. Part III: Relative droplet fluxes and swept volumes. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2123–2139.
Phillips, V. T. J., A. Pokrovsky, and A. Khain, 2007: The influence of timedependent melting on the dynamics and precipitation production in maritime and continental storm clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 338–359.
Onishi, R., K. Matsuda, and K. Takahashi, 2015: Lagrangian tracking simulation of droplet growth in turbulence–Turbulence enhancement of autoconversion rate. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 2591–2607.
Ogura, Y., and T. Takahashi, 1973: The development of warm rain in a cumulus cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 262–277.
Morrison, H., G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii, 2009: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 991–1007.
Monin, A. S., and A. M. Yaglom, 1975: Statistical fluid mechanics: Mechanics of turbulence. 2nd ed., MIT Press.
Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663–16682.
Milbrandt, J. A., and M. K. Yau, 2005: A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part II: A proposed three-moment closure and scheme description. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3065–3081.
Meyer, M. P., P. J. DeMott, and W. R. Cotton, 1992: New primary ice-nucleation parameterizations in an explicit cloud model. J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 708– 721.
Long, A. B., 1974: Solutions to the droplet collection equation for polynomial kernels. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1040–1052.
Lim, K.-S. S., and S.-Y. Hong, 2010: Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for weather and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1587–1612.
Lee. J., Y. Noh, S. Raasch, T. Riechelmann, and L.-P. Wang, 2014: Investigation of droplet dynamics in a convective cloud using a Lagrangian cloud model. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 124, 1–21.
Lee, S. S., and G. Feingold, 2013: Aerosol effects on the cloud-field properties of tropical convective clouds. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6713–6726.
Lee, S. S., L. J. Donner, and J. E. Penner, 2010: Thunderstorm and stratocumulus: how does their contrasting morphology affect their interactions with aerosols? Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6819–6837.
Lanotte, A. S., A. Seminara, and F. Toschi, 2009: Cloud droplet growth by condensation in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1685–1697.
Lakshmana, R. V., S. S. V. S. R. Krishna, and K. P. R. V. Murty, 2012: A comprehensive study of aerosols around Visakhapatnam, a coastal region, India. Ecol. Environ. Conserv., 18, 53–59.
La Porta, A., G. A. Voth, A. M. Crawford, J. Alexander, and E. Bodenschatz, 2001: Fluid particle accelerations in fully developed turbulence. Nature, 409, 1017–1019.
Kunnen, R. P. J., C. Siewert, M. Meinke, W. Schr der, and K. D. Beheng, 2013: Numerically determined geometric collision kernels in spatially evolving isotropic turbulence relevant for droplets in clouds. Atmos. Res., 127, 8–21.
Korolev, A., M. Pinsky, and A. Khain. 2013: A new mechanism of droplet size distribution broadening during diffusional growth. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2051–2071.
Koren, I., and G. Feingold, 2011: Aerosol-cloud-precipitation system as a predator-prey problem. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 12227–12232.
Khain, A., D. Rosenfeld, A. Pokrovsky, U. Blahak, and A. Ryzhkov, 2011: The role of CCN in precipitation and hail in a mid-latitude storm as seen in simulations using a spectral (bin) microphysics model in a 2D dynamic frame. Atmos. Res., 99, 129–146.
Khain, A. P., and I. Sednev, 1996: Simulation of precipitation formation in the Eastern Mediterranean coastal zone using a spectral microphysics cloud ensemble model. Atmos. Res., 43, 77–110.
Khain, A. P., T. V. Prabha, N. Benmoshe, G. Pandithurai, and M. Ovchinnikov, 2013: The mechanism of first raindrops formation in deep convective clouds. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 9123–9140.
Khain, A. P., N. BenMoshe, and A. Pokrovsky, 2008: Factors determining the impact of aerosols on surface precipitation from clouds: An attempt at classification. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1721–1748.
Khain, A. P., M. Pinsky, T. Elperin, N. Kleeorin, I. Rogachevskii, and A. Kostinski, 2007: Critical comments to results of investigations of drop collisions in turbulent clouds. Atmos. Res., 86, 1–20.
Khain, A. P., M. Ovtchinnikov, M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and H. Krugliak, 2000: Notes on the state-of-the-art numerical modeling of cloud microphysics. Atmos. Res., 55, 159–224.
Khain, A. P., A. Pokrovsky, M. Pinsky, A. Seifert, and V. Phillips, 2004: Simulation of effects of atmospheric aerosols on deep turbulent convective clouds using a spectral microphysics mixed-phase cumulus cloud model. Part I: Model description and possible applications. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2963–2982.
Khain, A. P., 2009: Note on state-of-the-art investigations of aerosol effects on precipitation: A critical review. Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 015004.
Kain, J. S., 2004: The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: An update. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 170–181.
K hler, H., 1936: The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets. Trans. Faraday Soc., 32, 1152–1161.
Jung, W., and T.-Y. Lee, 2013: Formation and evolution of mesoscale convective systems that brought the heavy rainfall over Seoul on September 21, 2010. Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 635–647.
Jonas, P. R., 1996: Turbulence and cloud microphysics. Atmos. Res., 40, 283–306.
Janjic, Z. I., 2002: Nonsingular implementation of the Mellor–Yamada level 2.5 scheme in the NCEP meso model. NCEP Office Note, No. 437, NCEP.
Iguchi, T., and Coauthors, 2014: WRF–SBM simulations of melting-layer structure in mixed-phase precipitation events observed during LPVEx. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 53, 2710–2731.
Hill, R. J., 2002: Scaling of acceleration in locally isotropic turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 452, 361–370.
Han, J.-Y., J.-J. Baik, and A. P. Khain, 2012: A numerical study of urban aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 504–520.
Grabowski, W. W., and L.-P. Wang, 2013: Growth of cloud droplets in a turbulent environment. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 45, 293–324.
Grabowski, W. W., L.-P. Wang, and T. V. Prabha, 2015: Macroscopic impacts of cloud and precipitation processes on maritime shallow convection as simulated by a large eddy simulation model with bin microphysics. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 913–926.
Givati, A., and D. Rosenfeld, 2004: Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 1038–1056.
Gerber, H. E., G. M. Frick, J. B. Jensen, and J. G. Hudson, 2008: Entrainment, mixing, and microphysics in trade-wind cumulus. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 86A, 87–106.
Frisch, U., 1995: Turbulence. Cambridge University Press, 258 pp.
Franklin, C. N., P. A. Vaillancourt, M. K. Yau, and P. Bartello, 2005: Collision rates of cloud droplets in turbulent flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2451–2466.
Franklin, C. N., 2014: The effects of turbulent collision-coalescence on precipitation formation and precipitation-dynamical feedbacks in simulations of stratocumulus and shallow cumulus convection. Atmos. Chem, Phys., 14, 6557–6570.
Franklin, C. N., 2008: A warm rain microphysics parameterization that includes the effect of turbulence. J. Atmos. Sci. 65, 1795–1816.
Feingold, G., I. Koren, H. Wang, H. Xue, and Wm. A. Brewer, 2010: Precipitation-generated oscillations in open cellular cloud fields. Nature, 466, 849–852.
Fan, J., T. Yuan, J. M. Comstock, S. Ghan, A. Khain, L. R. Leung, Z. Li, V. J. Martins, and M. Ovchinnikov, 2009: Dominant role by vertical wind shear in regulating aerosol effects on deep convective clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22206.
Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077–3107.
Devenish, B. J., P. Bartello, J. L. Brenguier, L. R. Collins, W. W. Grabowski, R. H. A. IJzermans, S. P. Malinowski, M. W. Reeks, J. C. Vassilicos, L.-P. Wang, and Z. Warhaft, 2012: Droplet growth in warm turbulent clouds. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 1401–1429.
Cohard, J.-M., and J.-P. Pinty, 2000: A comprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. I: Description and test. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1815–1842.
Chen, F., and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an advanced land-surface/ hydrology model with the Penn State/ NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model description and implementation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569–585.
Carri , G. G., and W. R. Cotton, 2011: Urban growth and aerosol effects on convection over Houston. Part II: Dependence of aerosol effects on instability. Atmos. Res., 102, 167–174.
Carri , G. G., W. R. Cotton, and W. Y. Y. Cheng, 2010: Urban growth and aerosol effects on convection over Houston. Part I: the August 2000 case. Atmos. Res., 96, 560–574.
Brenguier, J.-L., T. Bourrianne, A. Coelho, J. Isbert, R. Peytavi, D. Trevarin, and P. Weschler, 1998: Improvements of droplet size distribution measurements with the Fast-FSSP (forward scattering spectrometer probe). J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 15, 1077–1090.
Bott, A., 2000: A flux method for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection equation: Extension to two-dimensional particle distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 284–294.
Berry, E. X., and R. L. Reinhardt, 1974: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part II. Single initial distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1825– 1831.
Benmoshe, N., and A. P. Khain, 2014: The effects of turbulence on the microphysics of mixed-phase deep convective clouds investigated with a 2-D cloud model with spectral bin microphysics. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 207–221.
Benmoshe, N., M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and A. Khain, 2012: Turbulent effects on the microphysics and initiation of warm rain in deep convective clouds: 2- D simulations by a spectral mixed-phase microphysics cloud model. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06220.
Beard, K. V., 1976: Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851–864.
Baker, B., Q. Mo, R. Lawson, D. O’Connor, and A. Korolev, 2009: Drop size distributions and the lack of small drops in RICO rain shafts. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 616–623.
Ayala, O., B. Rosa, and L.-P. Wang, 2008: Effects of turbulence on the geometric collision rate of sedimenting droplets. Part II: Theory and parameterization. New J. Phys., 10, 075016.
Arenberg D., 1939: Turbulence as a major factor in the growth of cloud droplets. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 20, 444–445.
Arakawa, A., 1966: Computational design for long-term numerical integration of the equations of fluid motion: Two-dimensional incompressible flow. J. Comp. Phys., 1, 119–143.
Arabas, S., and S.-I. Shima, 2013: Large eddy simulations of trade-wind cumuli using particle-based microphysics with Monte-Carlo coalescence. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 2768–2777.
'
구름 내 난류가 구름과 강수에 미치는 영향 = Effects of In-Cloud Turbulence on Clouds and Precipitation'
의 유사주제(
) 논문