vanBmmel F, Wnsche T, Mauss S, Reinke P, Bergk A, Schrmann D,Wiedenmann B, Berg T. 2004. Comparison of adefovir and tenofovirin the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virusinfection. Hepatology 40(6):1421-5.
van Bmmel F, de Man RA, Wedemeyer H, Deterding K, Petersen J,Buggisch P, Erhardt A, Hppe D, Stein K, Trojan J. 2010.Long-term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitis Bvirus-monoinfected patients after failure ofnucleoside/nucleotide analogues. Hepatology 51(1):73-80.
apiski T, Pogorzelska J, Flisiak R. 2012. HBV mutations andtheir clinical significance. Advances in Medical Sciences57(1):18-22.
Zoulim F, Poynard T, Degos F, Slama A, El Hasnaoui A, Blin P,Mercier F, Deny P, Landais P, Parvaz P. 2006. A prospectivestudy of the evolution of lamivudine resistance mutations inpatients with chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine. JViral Hepat 13(4):278-88.
Zoulim F and Locarnini S. 2012. Management of treatment failurein chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 56:S112-22.
Zoulim F and Locarnini S. 2009.Hepatitis B virus resistance tonucleos(t) ide analogues. Gastroenterology 137(5):1593-1608.
Yuen M, Sablon E, Hui C, Yuan H, Decraemer H, Lai C. 2001.Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough inpatients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy. Hepatology34(4):785-91.
Yoon SK and Chun HG.2013. Status of hepatocellular carcinoma inSouth Korea Chin Clin Oncol 22(4):39.
Yim HJ, Hussain M, Liu Y, Wong SN, Fung SK, Lok AS. 2006.Evolution of multi-drug resistant hepatitis B virus duringsequential therapy. Hepatology 44(3):703-12.
Yim HJ, Hussain M, Liu Y, Wong SN, Fung SK, Lok AS. 2006.Evolution of multi-drug resistant
Yeon JE, Yoo W, Hong SP, Chang YJ, Yu SK, Kim JH, Seo YS, ChungHJ, Moon MS, Kim SO, et al. 2006. Resistance toadefovirdipivoxil in lamivudine resistant chronic hepatitis Bpatients treated with adefovirdipivoxil. Gut 55(10):1488-95.
Yang H, Lee J, Kim YJ, Yoon J, Lee H. 2012. Antiviral efficacyof combination therapy with entecavir and adefovir forentecavir/lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus with or withoutadefovir resistance. J Med Virol 84(3):424-30.
Villet Stephanie, Pichoud Christian, Trepo Christian and ZoulimFabien. 2006. Selection of the A181T/V substitution in HBVchronically infected patients who developed a resistance tolamivudine and/or adefovir. Hepatology JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 111RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA. 555A p.
Villet S, Pichoud C, Villeneuve J, Trpo C, Zoulim F. 2006.Selection of a multiple drug-resistant hepatitis B virus strainin a liver-transplanted patient. Gastroenterology 131(4):1253-61.
Villet S, Pichoud C, Billioud G, Barraud L, Durantel S, Trpo C,Zoulim F. 2008. Impact of hepatitis B virus rtA181V/T mutants onhepatitis B treatment failure. J Hepatol 48(5):747-55.
Villet S, Ollivet A, Pichoud C, Barraud L, Villeneuve J, TrpoC, Zoulim F. 2007. Stepwise process for the development ofentecavir resistance in a chronic hepatitis B virus infectedpatient. J Hepatol 46(3):531-8.
Villeneuve J, Durantel D, Durantel S, Westland C, Xiong S,Brosgart CL, Gibbs CS, Parvaz P, Werle B, Trpo C. 2003.Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir ina liver transplantation patient. J Hepatol 39(6):1085-9.
Tenney DJ, Rose RE, Baldick CJ, Pokornowski KA, Eggers BJ, FangJ, Wichroski MJ, Xu D, Yang J, Wilber RB. 2009. Long-termmonitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir innucleoside-nave patients is rare through 5 years of therapy.Hepatology 49(5):1503-14.
Tenney DJ, Levine SM, Rose RE, Walsh AW, Weinheimer SP, DiscottoL, Plym M, Pokornowski K, Yu CF, Angus P, et al. 2004. Clinicalemergence of entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus requiresadditional substitutions in virus already resistant tolamivudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48(9):3498-507.
Stuyver LJ, Locarnini SA, Lok A, Richman DD, Carman WF,Dienstag JL, Schinazi RF. 2001. Nomenclature forantiviral-resistant human hepatitis B virus mutations in thepolymerase region. Hepatology 33(3):751-7.
Sorrell MF, Belongia EA, Costa J, Gareen IF, Grem JL, InadomiJM, Kern ER, McHugh JA, Petersen GM, Rein MF. 2009. Nationalinstitutes of health consensus development conference statement:Management of hepatitis B. Hepatology 49(S5):S4-S12.
Shepard CW, Simard EP, Finelli L, Fiore AE, Bell BP. 2006.Hepatitis B virus infection: Epidemiology and vaccination.Epidemiol Rev 28:112-25.
Sheldon J, Camino N, Rods B, Bartholomeusz A, Kuiper M, TackeF, N??ez M, Mauss S, Lutz T, Klausen G. 2005. Selection ofhepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfectedpatients treated with tenofovir. Antivir Ther (Lond) 10(6):727.
Shaw T, Bartholomeusz A, Locarnini S. 2006. HBV drugresistance: Mechanisms, detection and interpretation. J Hepatol44(3):593-606.
Seto W, Yuen M, Fung J, Lai C. 2013.Tenofovirdisoproxilfumaratefor the treatment of chronic hepatitis B monoinfection.Hepatology International 7(2):327-34.
Seignres B, Pichoud C, Martin P, Furman P, Trpo C, Zoulim F.2002. Inhibitory activity of dioxolane purine analogs onwild-type and lamivudine-resistant mutants of hepadnaviruses.Hepatology 36(3):710-22.
Schildgen O, Sirma H, Funk A, Olotu C, Wend UC, Hartmann H,Helm M, Rockstroh JK, Willems WR, Will H. 2006. Variant ofhepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir. N Engl JMed 354(17):1807-12
Salpini R, Alteri C, Cento V, Pollicita M, Micheli V, GubertiniG, De Sanctis G, Visca M, Romano S, Sarrecchia C. 2013. Snapshoton drug-resistance rate and profiles in patients with chronichepatitis B receiving nucleos (t) ide analogues in clinicalpractice. J Med Virol 85(6):996-1004.
Reijnders JG, Deterding K, Petersen J, Zoulim F, Santantonio T,Buti M, van Bmmel F, Hansen BE, Wedemeyer H, Janssen HL. 2010.Antiviral effect of entecavir in chronic hepatitis B: Influenceof prior exposure to nucleos (t) ide analogues. J Hepatol52(4):493-500.
Qi X, Xiong S, Yang H, Miller M, Delaney WE. 2007. In vitrosusceptibility of adefovir-associated hepatitis B viruspolymerase mutations to other antiviral agents. Antivir Ther(Lond) 12(3):355.
Patterson SJ, George J, Strasser SI, Lee AU, Sievert W, NicollAJ, Desmond PV, Roberts SK, Locarnini S, Bowden S, et al. 2011.Tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate rescue therapy following failure ofboth lamivudine and adefovirdipivoxil in chronic hepatitis B.Gut 60(2):247-54.
Nowak MA, Bonhoeffer S, Hill AM, Boehme R, Thomas HC, McDade H.1996. Viral dynamics in hepatitis B virus infection. Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 93(9):4398-402.
Lok AS, Zoulim F, Locarnini S, Bartholomeusz A, Ghany MG,Pawlotsky J, Liaw Y, Mizokami M, Kuiken C. 2007. Antiviraldrug-resistant HBV: Standardization of nomenclature and assaysand recommendations for management. Hepatology 46(1):254-65.
Lok AS, Lai C, Leung N, Yao G, Cui Z, Schiff ER, Dienstag JL,Heathcote EJ, Little NR, Griffiths DA. 2003. Long-term safety oflamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Gastroenterology 125(6):1714-22.
Locarnini Stephen. 2005. Molecular virology and the developmentof resistant mutants: Implications for therapy. Semin Liver Dis25(Suppl 1):9-19.
Locarnini S., Shaw T., Sozzi T., Edwards R., Currie G.,Brosgart C. and Xiong S. 2004. HBV mutants associated withclinical resistance to adefovirdipivoxil display only smalldecreases in antiviral sensitivity in vitro. Hepatology JOHNWILEY & SONS INC 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA. 244A p.
Liu Y, Wang C, Zhong Y, Chen L, Li X, Ji D, Wang H, Xin S,Zoulim F, Xu D. 2010. Case report evolution and suppression ofHBV strains with multidrug resistance to lamivudine,adefovirdipivoxil and entecavir in a patient with chronichepatitis B. AntivirTher (Lond) 15(8):1185.
Lim YS, Lee JY, Lee D, Shim JH, Lee HC, Lee YS, Suh DJ. 2012.Randomized trial of entecavir plus adefovir in patients withlamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B who show suboptimalresponse to lamivudine plus adefovir.Antimicrob Agents Chemother56(6):2941-7.
Liaw Y, Kao J, Piratvisuth T, Chan HLY, Chien R, Liu C, Gane E,Locarnini S, Lim S, Han K. 2012. Asian-pacific consensusstatement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: A 2012update. Hepatol Int 6(3):531-61.
Liaw Y, Gane E, Leung N, Zeuzem S, Wang Y, Lai CL, HeathcoteEJ, Manns M, Bzowej N, Niu J. 2009. 2-year GLOBE trial results:Telbivudine is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronichepatitis B. Gastroenterology 136(2):486-95.
Li SY, Qin L, Zhang L, Song XB, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Lu XJ, Cao J,Wang LL, Wang J, et al. 2011. Molecular epidemicalcharacteristics of lamivudine resistance mutations of HBV insouthern china. Med Sci Monit 17(10):PH75-80.
Lee Y, Suh DJ, Lim Y, Jung SW, Kim KM, Lee HC, Chung Y, Lee YS,Yoo W, Kim S. 2006. Increased risk of adefovir resistance inpatients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48weeks of adefovirdipivoxil monotherapy. Hepatology43(6):1385-91.
Lee A, Lee CH, Jeon C. 2014. Analysis of reverse transcriptasegene mutations in the hepatitis B virus at a university hospitalin Korea. Ann Lab Med. 34(3):230-4.
Lampertico P, Vigano M, Manenti E, Iavarone M, Sablon E,Colombo M. 2007. Low resistance to adefovir combined withlamivudine: A 3-year study of 145 lamivudine-resistant hepatitisB patients. Gastroenterology 133(5):1445-51.
Lai CL, Dienstag J, Schiff E, Leung NW, Atkins M, Hunt C, BrownN, Woessner M, Boehme R, Condreay L. 2003. Prevalence andclinical correlates of YMDD variants during lamivudine therapyfor patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Infect Dis36(6):687-96.
Lai C, Leung N, Teo E, Tong M, Wong F, Hann H, Han S, PoynardT, Myers M, Chao G. 2005. A 1-year trial of telbivudine,lamivudine, and the combination in patients with hepatitis B eAntigenPositive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology129(2):528-36.
Lai C, Gane E, Liaw Y, Hsu C, Thongsawat S, Wang Y, Chen Y,Heathcote EJ, Rasenack J, Bzowej N. 2007. Telbivudine versuslamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med357(25):2576-88.
Lai C, Chien R, Leung NW, Chang T, Guan R, Tai D, Ng K, Wu P,Dent JC, Barber J. 1998. A one-year trial of lamivudine forchronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 339(2):61-8.
Kwon SY, Park YK, Ahn SH, Cho ES, Choe WH, Lee CH, Kim BK, KoSY, Choi HS, Park ES, et al. 2010. Identification andcharacterization of clevudine-resistant mutants of hepatitis Bvirus isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients. J Virol84(9):4494-503.
KoreanAssociation for the Study of the Liver (KASL. 2012. KASLclinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B.Clin and Molecu Hepatol 18(2):109-62.
Kim SS, Cho SW, Kim S, Hong SP, Cheong JY. 2013.Multidrug-resistant hepatitis B virus resulting from sequentialmonotherapy with lamivudine, adefovir, and entecavir: Clonalevolution during lamivudine plus adefovir therapy. J Med Virol85(1):55-64.
Kim JH, Ko SY, Choe WH, Kwon SY, Lee CH. 2013. Lamivudine plusadefovir combination therapy for lamivudine resistance inhepatitis-B-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Clin andMolec Hepatol 19(3):273-9.
Heo N, Lim Y, Lee HC, Chung Y, Lee YS, Suh DJ. 2010. Lamivudineplus adefovir or entecavir for patients with chronic hepatitis Bresistant to lamivudine and adefovir. J Hepatol 53(3):449-54.
Heathcote EJ, Marcellin P, Buti M, Gane E, De Man RA, KrastevZ, Germanidis G, Lee SS, Flisiak R, Kaita K. 2011. Three-yearefficacy and safety of tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate treatment forchronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 140(1):132-43.
Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang T, Kitis G,Rizzetto M, Marcellin P, Lim SG, Goodman Z, Ma J. 2006.Long-term therapy with adefovirdipivoxil for HBeAg-negativechronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years. Gastroenterology131(6):1743-51.
Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang T, Kitis G,Rizzetto M, Marcellin P, Lim SG, Goodman Z, Ma J. 2006.Long-term therapy with adefovirdipivoxil for HBeAg-negative
Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang T, Kitis G,Rizzetto M, Marcellin P, Lim SG, Goodman Z, Ma J. 2005.Long-term therapy with adefovirdipivoxil for HBeAg-negativechronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 352(26):2673-81.
Girones R and Miller RH. 1989. Mutation rate of the hepadnavirusgenome. Virology 170(2):595-7.
Gaia S, Barbon V, Smedile A, Olivero A, Carenzi S, Lagget M,Alessandria C, Rizzetto M, Marzano A. 2008. Lamivudine-resistantchronic hepatitis B: An observational study on adefovir inmonotherapy or in combination with lamivudine. J Hepatol48(4):540-7.
Fung SK, Chae HB, Fontana RJ, Conjeevaram H, Marrero J,Oberhelman K, Hussain M, Lok AS. 2006. Virologic response andresistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. JHepatol 44(2):283-90.
Fu L and Cheng Y. 1998.Role of additional mutations outside theYMDD motif of hepatitis B virus polymerase in L (-) SddC (3TC)resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 55(10):1567-72.
European Association For The Study Of The Liver. 2012. EASLclinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis Bvirus infection. J Hepatol 57(1):167-85.
Enomoto M, Tamori A, Kohmoto MT, Morikawa H, Habu D, SakaguchiH, Takeda T, Seki S, Kawada N, Shiomi S. 2007. Mutationalpatterns of hepatitis B virus genome and clinical outcomes afteremergence of drug-resistant variants during lamivudine therapy:Analyses of the polymerase gene and full-length sequences. J MedVirol 79(11):1664-70.
Dupouey J, Gerolami R, Solas C, Colson P. 2012. Hepatitis Bvirus variant with the a194t substitution within reversetranscriptase before and under adefovir and tenofovir therapy.Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology36(2):e26-8.
Dienstag JL, Schiff ER, Wright TL, Perrillo RP, Hann HL,Goodman Z, Crowther L, Condreay LD, Woessner M, Rubin M. 1999.Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in theUnited States. N Engl J Med 341(17):1256-63.
Di Marco D, Marzano A, Lampertico P, Andreone P, Santantonio T,Almasio PL, Rizzetto M, Crax A. 2004. Clinical outcome ofHBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in relation to virologicalresponse to lamivudine. Hepatology 40(4):883-91.
Delaney WE, Yang H, Westland CE, Das K, Arnold E, Gibbs CS,Miller MD, Xiong S. 2003. The hepatitis B virus polymerasemutation rtV173L is selected during lamivudine therapy andenhances viral replication in vitro. J Virol 77(21):11833-41.
De Clercq E. 2007. The acyclic nucleoside phosphonates frominception to clinical use: Historical perspective. Antiviral Res75(1):1-13.
Colonno Richard J., Rose Ronald E., Pokornowski Kevin, BaldickCarl J., Klesczewski Kenneth and Tenney Daniel. 2006. Assessmentat three years shows high barrier to resistance is maintained inentecavir-treated nucleoside nave patients while resistanceemergence increases over time in lamivudine refractory patients.Hepatology JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030USA. 229A p.
Colonno RJ, Rose R, Baldick CJ, Levine S, Pokornowski K, Yu CF,Walsh A, Fang J, Hsu M, Mazzucco C. 2006. Entecavir resistanceis rare in nucleoside naive patients with hepatitis B.Hepatology 44(6):1656-65.
Chon CY, Han K, Ahn SH. 2010. Long-term adefovirdipivoxilmonotherapy for up to 5 years in lamivudine-resistant chronichepatitis B. AntivirTher (Lond) 15:235-41.
Chang T, Lai C, Kew Yoon S, Lee SS, Coelho HSM, Carrilho FJ,Poordad F, Halota W, Horsmans Y, Tsai N. 2010. Entecavirtreatment for up to 5 years in patients with hepatitis B eantigenpositive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 51(2):422-30.
Cha C, Sohn Y, Ko S, Oh H. 2009. Subgenotype and serotypeanalysis of hepatitis B virus in Korean chronic hepatitis Bpatients under treatment. Kor J Lab Med 29(1):53-8.
Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Rocca G, Criscuolo D, Chiaberge E,Capalbo M, David E, Verme G, Bonino F. 1989. Natural course andresponse to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied byantibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatology 10(2):198-202.
Brunetto MR, Giarin M, Saracco G, Oliveri F, Calvo P, Capra G,Randone A, Abate ML, Manzini P, Capalbo M. 1993. Hepatitis Bvirus unable to secrete e antigen and response to interferon inchronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 105(3):845-50.
Brunelle M, Jacquard A, Pichoud C, Durantel D, Carroue-DurantelS, Villeneuve J, Trpo C, Zoulim F. 2005. Susceptibility toantivirals of a human HBV strain with mutations conferringresistance to both lamivudine and adefovir. Hepatology41(6):1391-8.
Angus P, Vaughan R, Xiong S, Yang H, Delaney W, Gibbs C,Brosgart C, Colledge D, Edwards R, Ayres A. 2003. Resistance toadefovirdipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of anovel mutation in the HBV polymerase. Gastroenterology125(2):292-7.
Allen MI,Deslauriers M, Andrews CW, Tipples GA, Walters K,Tyrrell DL, Brown N, Condreay LD. 1998. Identification andcharacterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant tolamivudine. Hepatology 27(6):1670-7.
Akuta N, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, Tsubota A, Suzuki Y, Hosaka T,Someya T, Kobayashi M, Saitoh S, Arase Y. 2003. The influence ofhepatitis B virus genotype on the development of lamivudineresistance during long-term treatment. J Hepatol 38(3):315-21.
